California Wireless Association News

CalWa, the California Wireless Association, has just released their end-of-year calwannewsnewsletter.  This is always an interesting read because it provides a good insight into California-based views of regulation, deployment and the like.

The current issue features stories on teh FCC Shot Clock; the Sprint v. Palos Verdes Estates case; the good public service work done by the Association; and the usual assortment of events and membership information found in these types of newsletters.

I read this newsletter to keep informed about how the industry as a while is thinking about California-specific issues.  You should read this newsletter, which you can by clicking on the icon to the left.

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No, it’s not the worlds largest cell site.

uluru.200910.DSCN1925It is the worlds largest cell site…no, sorry, kidding…it’s the worlds largest monolithic rock, for decades called Ayers, and now (again) by its traditional name, Uluru.

I took this photo about 48 hours ago, just before sunset.

This is a spiritual and quiet place (when away from us tourists).

Go.

(Click on the photo for a much larger version…Photo Copyright 2009 Jonathan L. Kramer)

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Birds Deaths related to Towers: Perspective

Bird v. Tower

The firm of Curry & Kerlinger, LLC (who serve as “consultants to the wind power industry on birds and other wildlife issues”) has an interesting set of stats about the various ways that birds are killed each year:

Deaths annually from (descending ranking):

  • Glass Windows: 100 to 900+ million
  • Electrical Transmission lines: “up to 174 million”
  • House Cats: 100 million
  • Hunting: 100+ million
  • Autos/Trucks: 50 to 100 million
  • Agriculture: 67 million
  • Communications Towers: 4 to 10 million
  • Oil and Gas Extraction: 1 to 2 million
  • Power line electrocutions: >1,000
  • Land Development; Stock Tanks; Logging and Strip Mining; Commercial Fishing: Unknown

The stats suggest that before we worry about birds hitting towers, we should focus on the real bird killers: All of the others above the telecom listing.  For about every 109 bird deaths, 108 are attributable to non-telecom reasons.

It’s a perspective thing…just like RF safety.

Jonathan

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Do Cell Towers Sneak into Neighborhoods in Disguise?

August 30, 2009:  In a copyrighted story in The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, California), reporter Jeff Horseman discusses how cell phone sites are are being hidden within clock towers, camouflaged mono-trees, and church steeples.  This is a very informative and balanced article.

Jonathan is quoted throughout the story, titled “Cell phone towers sneaking in to Inland neighborhoods in disguise.”

After you’ve read the story, take a look at various camouflaged cell site designs in the our Wireless Site Gallery.

(Story link posted here with the kind permission of the P-E’s editor.)

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Clearwire to Clearwire: “Learn How to Really Connect”

On advisor’s opinion…

Learn how to really connect” is one of the slogan’s you’ll find currently running on Clearwire’s web site.

Actually, it’s not a bad idea, and I encourage them to follow their own counsel.

Early this year, before Clearwire started their big deployment efforts in earnest in Southern California, I reached out to one of their senior deployment managers in the Irvine office.  I offered to sit down with him and his staff to discuss Clearwire’s pending deployment.  I said ever-so-clearly that I wanted to learn more about their general plans so that I could help my local government clients understand the pending deployment, timing, equipment issues, RF safety matters, etc.

Sadly, the response I received back from Clearwire’s manager was that he’d talk, but only after I signed a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA).  When I pointed out to him that I couldn’t sign an NDA since my purpose was to learn from Clearwire and then educate my governments, he flatly told me that I could just wait for the deployment to start.   ‘Pound sand’ is such a shortsighted attitude for a newbie to a market.

As someone who is the trusted technical and legal advisor to somewhere north of 150 governments in California through my direct client relationships, and my leadership position in SCAN NATOA, my goal in reaching out to Clearwire was to learn and bring the various players (sides, if you will) together before the massive deployment push started.  Too bad they didn’t ‘get it.’

I hope that Clearwire is smart enough to figure out that the governments want to see more wireless Internet access, but that those same governments must also follow the permitting rules that, so far, Clearwire seems to be trying to skirt around (at least in part).

There’s still time for Clearwire to learn how to honestly and clearly connect (pun only marginally intended) with the local governments…the very people they must get permission from to permit so many of their sites.

I believe that there’s a closing window of opportunity for Clearwire’s deployment team to figure out that there’s still a bit of time left to honestly sit down with the governments to explain (1) the true scope of the project; (2) the nature of the mesh back-haul; (3) that Clearwire is the real permittee (rather than having Sprint/Nextel front the projects);  (4) that these are new sites, rather than site mods; and (5) all the other things that they should have be talking about before day one of the real deployment push necessary to gain the trust and knowledgeable support of local permitting agencies in California.

As an advisor to local governments, I,  for one, would (still) be happy to sit down with Clearwire’s deployment team to talk turkey about the deployment that seems, for now, to be hit and miss.  I believe there area a lot of planners would like to honestly learn more about Clearwire, and would interested in the same sit-down.

To paraphrase Clearwire back to Clearwire: “It’s time you learn how to really connect.

Enough said.

-Jonathan

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Let’s Be Clear About Clearwire

I recently posted a message to a list serve run by the League of California Cities aimed at local government planners. That posting has provoked a number of comments, universally positive from local government planners and attorneys. I did receive what might be called a negative response from a wireless industry siting agent.

I’ll let you read the posting, and then the industry agent’s email incorporating my reply.  Then I’ll offer a few closing comments and invite you to reply.

I want to alert my local government planning and legal colleagues in Southern California that Sprint/Nextel is now in the process of submitting something on the order of 1,400 applications to local government planning agencies (and potentially to public works departments) for what often appear to be–but are not–modifications to existing Sprint/Nextel sites.  Rather, what is happening is that Sprint/Nextel, under its name and logo on the applications and plans, is sponsoring in applications for Clearwire Communications, a separate legal entity under separate management, which is merely 51% owned by Sprint.

Clearwire is a wireless Internet service provider. It is *not* a wireless phone company. Clearwire does *not* hold a CPUC Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity. Clearwire is not entitled to access the right-of-way in the same way that Sprint/Nextel does. This is particularly important where Sprint sponsors Clearwire applications for ROW sites that really should generate revenue to local governments if the governments elect to approve such ROW incursions.

The Clearwire projects are not existing site modifications by Sprint/Nextel to its own site, but rather entirely new projects (and new RF emissions) from a new and separate legal entity, Clearwire, to be collocated on existing Sprint/Nextel sites. Where Clearwire needs a site but there is no existing Sprint/Nextel site to serve as a platform, the firm is proposing collocations on other existing cell sites. These collocations do *not* automatically occur under Government Code Sections 65850.6 and 65964. There are many triggers that must first occur prior to these code sections kicking-in to require collocation, and its very unlikely they will apply in a particular case involving Clearwire given its multiple microwave and panel antenna systems.

Where no existing sites are available, Clearwire is proposing new sites. Clearwire has indicated that they are typically planting new sites at the rate of about 2 per square mile.

Clearwire’s network design in nearly every case dictates that it use three or four microwave antennas to interconnect each of its sites with that many more other sites, yet the applications I have seen submitted to my government clients are usually coming in one at a time. This piecemeal filing approach raises CEQA questions as Clearwire’s method of submitting individual applications masks the fact that each site is part of a much larger and unified project that cannot operate without the multiple sites communicating with each other, and back to the Clearwire Internet access node (called the POP or point of presence).

For those communities that bar microwave antennas for site-to-site or site-to-switch interconnection because they are unnecessary visual elements, consider whether granting microwave dishes to Clearwire (which is a cost-saving issue for them) will interfere with your future ability to bar or limit microwave antennas to wireless telephone companies.

I recommend that the planning desk look for Sprint/Nextel plans with site numbers formatting like CA-XXX-YYYY, where XXX are three letters related to the county or market where the project is to be located, and YYYY is the specific four digit site number. The site number may be followed by a single letter. If these projects come across the desk, consider whether you are dealing with a single site, or (far) more likely a project, and to proceed with due caution. At the least, consider issuing an incomplete letter and requiring Clearwire to come in and disclose all of their project sites and interconnections, and then consider whether your agency wants to evaluate the entire project under CEQA. More and more governments are now taking that cautious approach.

I have photos of a few Clearwire sites in Portland, Oregon and Modesto, California posted to the government planners wireless example gallery at www.celltowersites.com/gallery/

-Jonathan

The industry member’s response, with my embedded reply back shown in italics, is below:

Hello Jonathan

A colleague of mine forwarded your statement below to me. After reading it, I feel compelled to reach out to you with my own comments. Not entirely clear as to what your objective is, perhaps business is slow for you as with many of us as of late.

JK: As a municipal and private attorney, an RF engineer holding many licenses; and as a contract wireless planner and planning instructor for many governments, my goal is to to ensure that my constituency (governments and selected private entities) is aware of this deployment and the legal and practical considerations that attach to the deployment. Business is just fine, thanks.

Whatever the case may be, your message below is startling and in my opinion, somewhat predatory in nature.

JK: Predatory is defined in the Encarta Dictionary (http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861737372/predatory.html) as:

1. greedily destructive: greedily eager to steal from or destroy others for gain
2. relating to predators: relating to or characteristic of animals that survive by preying on others
3. ruthlessly aggressive: extremely aggressive, determined, or persistent

I respectfully disagree with your opinion that my message suggests predatory behavior. I have no desire to destroy, or the other things in the definitions. Rather, my desire is that my constituency properly understand what is happening with the Clearwire deployment, and why it raises legal and procedural issues that should be addressed as applications are being tendered and considered. As a wireless planner working for governments for the past 17+ years, I believe that most of those on the private site who regularly deal with me would reach a softer or different characterization of my actions.

Your statement regarding ROW is valid. However, this is not applicable to the majority of sites that Clearwire is working on in the Southern California area. Perhaps limiting your message to ROW issues only would have been the better approach here.

JK: I appreciate your recognition of the ROW issue, but is merely one element that permitting agencies need be aware of. Some of the drop/swaps will be proposed for the ROW; many will not. It would not make sense for me to limit my comments to just the ROW since the deployment will likely be in both arenas.

Further, whether the proposal is for a mod to Sprint’s own facility or not, the fact is that on land not located in the public right of way jurisdictions should consider these proposals as a colo/cohab modifications or new-build project regardless of the entity name or CPUC status and review the request on it’s own merit with consideration to the degree of intensification and/or design relative to the land development standards in effect at the time of application.

JK: This is an area where each jurisdiction will evaluate a project against their local municipal code rules, as well as CEQA, and the PUC. Since we’re dealing with different legal entities, and addressing your non-ROW discussion, how the project is understood by the local agency is important to the proper application of the local code. Also, under some local government municipal codes, it does make a difference whether Sprint is proposing a mod to its own site, or if the proposal is really for a new and different occupant that is subject to its own permit process.

You state that “..Sprint/Nextel is now in the process of submitting something on the order of 1,400 applications to local government planning agencies (and potentially to public works departments) for what often appear to be–but are not–modifications to existing Sprint/Nextel sites. Rather, what is happening is that Sprint/Nextel, under its name and logo on the applications and plans, is sponsoring in applications for Clearwire Communications, a separate legal entity under separate management, which is merely 51% owned by Sprint”. Further, you claim that the microwave dishes being proposed is merely a “cost saving issue”. Unless you have some proof of this, I would tend to believe that the statement is unfounded.

JK: A wireless mesh network for backhaul is a cost saving consideration. A WiMax provider could use redundant fiber or multiple T1 network to achieve the same results, but those alternative would involve different capital and recurring cost considerations.

Jonathan, you seem to be suggesting that Sprint/Nextel and Clearwire is acting less than honest about their intent by maintaining the Sprint and/or Nextel name and logo on the plans. I am not entirely comfortable with your statement and am disappointed in you as a “telecom lawyer” for publicly making such accusations.

JK: The fact is that Sprint/Nextel is a separate entity. The firms are managed differently. There are other partners involved. See: http://newsroom.clearwire.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=214419&p=irol-newsArticle_Print&ID=1141157&highlight=

I do not suggest that Sprint/Nextel’s sponsorship of the applications is dishonest, but rather that some may governments and others may see the bold letters at the top of the plans and on the applications that say Sprint/Nextel, and miss the important little letters that disclose that Clearwire is the actual owner of the project. It is not an accusation; but rather a fact that important to properly understand who is requesting what.

Based on my exposure to your work over the years, I think you have done a reasonably good and thorough job representing your public sector clients.

JK: Thank you.

This is why I am so startled by your message below. Your message implies that you have factual information relative to the relationship between parties and their intent as well as the objectives of their site designs relative to cost.

JK: The information regarding the ownership is public record. Their deployment intent is clear from reading the information they have released, and disclosed in public meetings.

You are potentially encouraging local jurisdictions to question the intent of the wireless applicant to a degree that could possibly be prohibitive and questionably illegal relative to legislation that supports such endeavors.

JK: I am encouraging local jurisdictions to ensure that they understand who the actual applicant is and what the rights and duties are of that applicant. Asking for factual and accurate disclosures to permit the local agency to determine the proper course under its local code is neither prohibitive nor illegal in this sense.

Clearly, with 1,400 sites planned (per you), the intent is to provide improved wireless telecommunication service, whether it be for Clearwire or Sprint/Nextel or both. Whether it be for telephone or internet or both, what is the problem here?

JK: Again, the rights that must be respected flow from the legal status of the real applicant. Cell phone companies have rights that are different from Internet-only providers; which are different from, say, trunked radio system operators. Real problem can arise if the rights asserted by an applicant are not the rights as granted to that applicant, and if a permitting agency mishandles an application as, for example, a standalone project rather than as part of a larger multi-site project.

The overall feeling that I have after reading your message is that Sprint/Nextel and/or Clearwire is up to something unethical and potentially illegal.

JK: I respect your right to your feelings, but nowhere in my message did I say or suggest that the actions are either “unethical or potentially illegal.”

The potential for confusion regarding the applicant and its rights I’ve discussed is based on how the applications are already coming in. The comments I’ve received from local governments confirms that the confusion already exists. But confusion does not rise (or sink) to the behavior you incorrectly read into my words.

If I were a city decision maker and after reading your statement I would be very concerned and as such, I may be compelled to question the validity of every Clearwire/Sprint application. In fact, I may even be compelled to question any wireless application more so than I would under normal circumstances.

JK: City decision makers are by and large very smart people, just as you are. As a planner in this area, I’m sure you understand that wireless planning is different and more detailed that planning a building, or permitting a business to conduct a conditional use. Special state rules come into play, as do federal rules and court decisions, when considering wireless site applications. Again, that’s why understanding who the applicant is and their real rights is key to ensuring compliance with the regulatory and judicial framework that controls in this area. Being compelled to question any application more than normal is a personal decision for a planner which is, I believe, largely based on trust factors. This is an area where accurate knowledge prevents the planner from falling into the “Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me” trap.

Your statements may cause discomfort with the local jurisdictions and will likely result is undue delays in processing time as well as cast a negative light on the wireless entities that have every right to build or modify their wireless network in the most efficient and expeditious manner.

JK: Processing of planning applications is governed by various state laws (for example the PSA). If an application comes in that may misstate material information, then the delay…if any…will be due to the entity misstating the information, don’t you agree? And if an entity misstates material information, then who is casting the light you speak of? I do not suggest that Sprint, Clearwire, or anyone else is misstating material information, but confusion does already exist.

The cost of such endeavors should not be such a concern to local planning departments when considering the proposal. Further, when considering the equipment needed to reach the coverage objective, the applicant should use the least intrusive and reasonable means possible.

JK: The cost issue isn’t core. There are many cases where microwave backhaul is appropriate, and I have stated that in various project reviews I have conducted over the years. There are other considerations, however, that come into play in wireless siting within and outside of the right-of-way including, as just two examples, CEQA and ADA compliance.

From what I have witnessed, Sprint and/or Clearwire has made more than reasonable efforts to adhere to this approach. Causing any level of prohibition to this approach is, at a minimum, unfair.

JK: I accept that this is your belief, but I do not adopt or reject it for myself. I’m not sure what you mean by “any level of prohibition” either functionally or legally.

The expectation that I have for someone of your professional stature and experience is to maintain a healthy balance between applicant and jurisdiction and use methods of practice that are proactive and most importantly, fair. Local jurisdictions that enter into contract with you expect that you will review applications for wireless facilities with the intent of making sure that the proposal is consistent with all applicable rules defined in Telecom Act. That stated, perhaps you could take a softer and more cautious approach when advising your public-sector colleagues. I believe that fostering trust among all parties is the better way to do business for all of us.

JK: The Telecom Act may or may not apply; the state collocation laws may or may not apply; various provisions of the local municipal code may or may not apply. There are many considerations, beyond the Telecom Act, that must be factored into proper planning.

I agree with you that fostering trust among the parties is a better way to do business. Trust springs from honesty, so the more honest we are, the greater then trust that we should be accorded.

Over the nearly 20 years I’ve been doing wireless siting work, I have developed a reputation for calling it like I see it, and trying to bring parties together. The wireless industry calls on me to help them develop that trust when they ask me to lecture at industry meetings (as I have several times this year at my own expense, and in previous invited by unpaid trips to lecture at national PCIA conferences, for example).

I am a charter member and public supporter of CalWA and the educational outreach it promotes. I frequently recommend that government officials join CalWA to learn and hear more about the industry. Twice this year, at government conferences that I have coordinated, I have invited CalWA wireless industry professionals to attend and present. My efforts are based on developing a better relationship between the various stakeholders…call it trust…

I would be open to discussing this matter further should you wish. If in fact, if you do possess factual documentation that supports your claims, I would gladly review the information and if valid, consider retracting some of my above-opinions.

Thanks for taking the time to read my comments and consider my suggestions.

JK: Hopefully I’ve addressed the bulk of your comments and concerns. I don’t ask that you change your opinions, but merely that you consider mine as I’ve further explained them in this reply. I’ve taken the time to respond because I found your comments thoughtful, even where I disagree with them. That’s just part of the interplay between peers who clearly respect either other, but may have cause to disagree with each other.

Warmly,

Jonathan

I’ve posted this because I want to make it clear (no pun intended) that as I’ve already said on another of my sites, I look forward to Clearwire’s deployment in SoCal, and I hope to use their static IP service as a back-up at my office.

It’s important to local governments that the material elements of a project be properly disclosed during the review process.  This ensures that the applicant is accorded the proper processing, rights, and duties under the local code.  Accuracy and transparency are, therefore, key to achieving those results.

As I’ve recently used as an analogy, Sprint/Nextel’s sponsorship of Clearwire projects is akin to opening up a set of drawings for a commercial office building and the name splashed across the top of each page in bold letters is “United States of America, General Services Administration” yet the small print shows that the true legal owner will be “AIG Insurance” rather than GSA.  Well, yes, the U.S. is the majority owner (at least for now) of AIG, but the legal rights and duties of each are very different.

I also want to make it clear that as a telecom attorney and wireless planner working for local governments, it is common for us to alert our peers to issues that we uncover, and that are likely to impact our peers.  We share this information to ensure that we all have the benefit of what others have learned, developed, determined, uncovered, etc.

I’m interested in your comments, which you can voice below.

Jonathan

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Jailbreaking = Going to Jail?

iPhone.jlk.20090801The hot news recently has been about unlocking (or “jailbreaking”) Apple’s iPhone. Apple posted the following statement on its website (http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3743), which as of 8/1/09 was not available at Apple’s site, but still available via Google’s cache:

“Unauthorized modification of iPhone OS has been a major source of instability, disruption of services, and other issues

“As designed by Apple, the iPhone OS ensures that the iPhone and iPod touch operate reliably. Some customers have not understood the risks of installing software that makes unauthorized modifications to the iPhone OS (“jailbreaking”) on their iPhone or iPod touch. Customers who have installed software that makes these modifications have encountered numerous problems in the operation of their hacked iPhone or iPod touch. Examples of issues caused by these unauthorized modifications to the iPhone OS have included the following:

“Device and application instability: Frequent and unexpected crashes of the device, crashes and freezes of built-in apps and third-party apps, and loss of data.

“Unreliable voice and data: Dropped calls, slow or unreliable data connections, and delayed or inaccurate location data.

“Disruption of services: Services such as Visual Voicemail, YouTube, Weather, and Stocks have been disrupted or no longer work on the device. Additionally, third-party apps that use the Apple Push Notification Service have had difficulty receiving notifications or received notifications that were intended for a different hacked device. Other push-based services such as MobileMe and Exchange have experienced problems synchronizing data with their respective servers.

“Compromised security: Security compromises have been introduced by these modifications that could allow hackers to steal personal information, damage the device, attack the wireless network, or introduce malware or viruses.

“Shortened battery life: The hacked software has caused an accelerated battery drain that shortens the operation of an iPhone or iPod touch on a single battery charge.

“Inability to apply future software updates: Some unauthorized modifications have caused damage to the iPhone OS that is not repairable. This can result in the hacked iPhone or iPod touch becoming permanently inoperable when a future Apple-supplied iPhone OS update is installed.

“Apple strongly cautions against installing any software that hacks the iPhone OS. It is also important to note that unauthorized modification of the iPhone OS is a violation of the iPhone end-user license agreement and because of this, Apple may deny service for an iPhone or iPod touch that has installed any unauthorized software.”

The Appleworld has seems to have gone nuts over the warnings just recited, with significant backlash from users and the media.  Interestingly, there are two questions in play:  First, is it legal to unlock the iPhone and make other modifications to the firmware?  Second, can the terrible things that Apple warns of actually happen?

As to the first question, about the legality of hacking into Apple’s iPhone firmware, you need look for farther than a televised interview I gave to Canada’s Business News Network (BNN) on September 12, 2007, which you can watch on a special page at TelecomLawFirm.com.  The short answer is, ‘for now, it’s legal.’  Visit the page list linked and you’ll get a better idea why this is my answer.

Regarding the second question, dealing with the horrible things that can happen if you play with the iPhone’s firmware, I don’t know for sure.  But, what I do believe as an RF engineer, a software technologist, and a person with a bit of common sense is that Apple is not blowing smoke in our faces, but may merely be describing the smoke it would like us to smell.  Clearly all of the things listed by Apple seem well within the range of possible consequences that might reasonably occur if a person hacks the iPhone, but Apple has done precious little to provide data to back up its mere assertions that these things are happening.  Once?  A thousand times?  Only on Tuesdays?  Where’s the beef?

Of course, another result of hacking the iPhone might be to develop new and useful innovations not conceived at Apple, thus not controlled by Apple.  This is not a bad thing.

Finally, the reason why this is such a hot issue RIGHT NOW is that the U.S. Copyright Office is revisiting its present rules exception that makes hacking cell phone firmware legal (or, if you will, not illegal).  These revisits occur every three years, so now is the proper time for this full-court press by Apple.

We’ll see where this ends, but regardess of the Copyright Office’s action, hacking will continue.  If the Copyright Office sides with Apple, that firm will be in the unenviable position of going after its most loyal and innovative customers, and being seen as the big back Microsoft Jr.

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Cell Contract Early Termination Fee? How about $0?

One of the most honest ways to exit from a wireless carrier’s iron-clad service contract is to show that their service in and around your home or work is inferior.  This is especially true if, before you signed up for service, you visited the carrier’s website or local office and saw the pretty maps that assert their claimed coverage around your home, work, or both.

For several examples of such maps, visit AT&T’s site or Verizon’s site, but be sure to check out the disclaimer language on the map page; here’s Verizon’s small print disclaimer:

These Coverage Locator maps are not a guarantee of coverage and may contain areas with no service. These maps reflect a depiction of predicted and approximate wireless coverage of the Verizon Wireless Network and the network of other carriers. The coverage areas shown do not guarantee service availability, and may include locations with limited or no coverage. Even within a coverage area, there are many factors, including a customer’s equipment, terrain, and proximity to buildings, foliage, and weather that may impact service. An all-digital device will not operate or be able to make 911 calls when digital service is not available. Some of the coverage area includes networks run by other carriers; some of the coverage depicted is based on their information and public sources and we cannot ensure its accuracy.

What about the situation where a wireless carrier has good coverage at your home and work, but sometime later it tanks.   In this case, the carriers who offer something like Verizon’s 30-day Worry Free Guarantee® will likely tell you to take a hike after 30 days, even if their service goes down or away.

You’re asking why a carrier with good coverage today would have bad coverage in the future? Well, sometimes carriers realign and reduce cell site coverage to permit them to add more cell sites into their existing network.  This is to increase capacity and in-building penetration, but the result can be that some customers actually lose service.

The bottom line is that cellular/PCS service changes by your carrier may render your service unavailable or less reliable in areas where you had solid coverage and adequate capacity.  If the carrier’s network changes leave you high-and-dry, call and demand that they restore your service to its previous level, or to release you from the balance of the contract without paying the early termination fee.

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